TheChurn

A token is not a concept. A token is a word or word fragment that occured often in free text and was assigned a number. Common words, prefixes, and suffixes are the vast majority of tokens, and the rest are uncommon pairs of letters.

The algorithm to generate tokens is essentially compression, there is no semantic meaning embedded in them.

With refresh rates like that, you must be talking about LED billboards.

These are different from consumer monitors, which mostly use constant LED backlights and a liquid crystal layer to determine color.

An LED bilboard is going to have a fuckton of singular LEDs - each of which can emit exactly one color - arranged in groups to form full pixels capable of displaying many colors. There is no extra LCD layer between your eyes and the billboard LEDs.

The reason for the high refresh rates is because each led must be extinguished and and relit to redraw the image, and the eye is very good at picking up this strobe effect.

The difference vs. a consumer display is that the backlight in a typical monitor is constant. Refreshes the screen involves sending updated instructions to the LCD layer, twisting the crystals and possibly changing the color they allow through.

To make a crude concrete example:

Imagine I am shining a white flashlight in your face. In front of the flashlight I put a colored piece of plastic so the light hitting you is colored. Then I change the plastic to one with a (slightly) different color. I do this 120 times per second. That is a typical consumer display.

Now imagine I am shining a colored flashlight directly in your face. Then I turn it off and grab a flashlight of a different color and shine it in your face. Imagine I do that 120 times per second. That is an LED billboard.

Which do you think is more likely to give you a headache?

One final complication - the brightness of the LEDs is variable over time, they received a modulated signal rather than a steady voltage, so at lower refresh rates there will be a noticeable ripple across the image, similar to how early CRT screens could look.

Increasing the refresh rate hides a lot of these problems.

Check it out to throw in the trash. Jared Diamond’s book is thoroughly condemned in anthropological and archaeological circles.

Role of thumb is an employee costs roughly twice their base salary, as the employee still needs to cover insurance, taxes, sick time, and other benefits.

That leaves an average salary of 190K for the 50 employees. That isn’t much for tech.

how much VRAM you need to run this model

It will depend on the representation of the parameters. Most models support bfloat16, where each parameters is 16-bits (2 Bytes). For these models, every Billion parameters needs roughly 2 GB of VRAM.

It is possible to reduce the memory footprint by using 8 bits for each param, and some models support this, but they start to get very stupid.

Context does not matter is exactly what you’re saying

No, what I am saying is you can’t blame every bad thing about the Korean peninsula on the US. Did the US recognize the PRK? Nope, they suppressed it. Should they have recognized it? Probably.

Did the Soviets recognize the PRK? Nope, they usurped it. Should they have recognized it? Probably.

Did the existence of the PRK change the trajectory of the peninsula towards separation and civil war? No, it was hardly a speed bump to the imperial power of the USSR and US.

The PRK is an interesting historical anecdote, but it is irrelevant when discussing the Korean War.

Interesting how you ignore how the US did not recognize the goverment installed by the people of korea (PRK)

The brief existence of the PRK has essentially no bearing on the civil war. It existed less than a year, and was dismantled in both the South and the North by the actions of the US and Soviet Union.

Neither power cared to entertain what the people of Korea wanted in the Post-War period.

I wonder what half-truth or outright lie y’all will respond with next to paint the US and SK as Satan next to the Angelic Soviet Union and DPRK.

No power were the ‘good guys’. None had the moral high ground. All deserve blame for what happened. The history of the period is one of tragedy and ambition.

None of that changes the fact that North Korea, backed by the Soviets and later China, started the shooting war by invading the South.

The comment I replied to said this:

This was the instigating event behind the civil war.

Dictionary.com says this for the word “instigating”

Causing, initiating, responsible for

Please explain how an event that occured after the invasion was the cause or initiator of the war.

If you cannot, then admit you didn’t read the thread and just came in here to muddy the waters.

If you are too proud to admit that, just ghost.

Japanese occupation –> Separate US and Soviet Occupation Zones –> Two different governments of ‘Korea’.

Not all that complicated.

Well, that’s a refreshing take to see. But that doesn’t make the event mentioned here not problematic or not a further motivator of the war

Did you miss the part where the first such event didn’t take place until after the invasion by the North?

I did not defend any fascists. I pointed out innacuracies in the prior posts.

Ask the other poster why they felt the need to lie to make their points.

If hating tankies means you have to support fascist dictatorships, then I guess I’ll never hate tankies.

Luckily it doesn’t.

It is very possible to dislike more than one thing.

This the was instigating event behind the civil war

No it wasn’t, and it wasn’t even one event.

There were literal years of border skirmishes before the North invaded on the 25th of June, 1950. The Bodo League Massacre is the name for a series of purges of suspected communists that began with an order from the SK President on June 27th, 1950. Two days after the North Invaded.

Try again tankie.

North Korea invaded the South.

Crippling sanctions and the military presence are because the war never officially ended.

Learn history.

Fuel cells can be more efficient than combustion because of direct electrification. With combustion, there needs to be a boiler, turbine, etc and that adds to the losses through the system.

At industrial scale, it is possible a turbine and boiler is probably the better bet, because the technology is very mature and large fuel cells may pose extra challenges with sourcing the membranes. It would need a more in-depth cost analysis.

Those without respiratory issues don’t have oxygenation issues while wearing masks.

The same air is going into your lungs, the only difference is your diaphragm has to work harder due to the filtering effect of the mask. If it can’t manage that, then you are likely already on oxygen due to low tidal volume and chronic hypoxia.

You can buy a pulse oximeter from CVS for like $20 and test this yourself if you don’t believe me.

Believe it or not, what you swallow has almost nothing to do with your weight. The only place the body absorbs energy from food is in the intestines, and the brain controls that process.

The digestive tract is a tube, open at both ends, through which food passes. The process of extracting energy from that food is complex and highly tunable: the brain controls the production and secretion of hundreds of enzymes and other chemicals, as well as the physical action of the muscles lining the tube.

The ‘basic physics’ here begins at the intestinal wall, not the mouth.

The fundamental issue with declining populations - fundamental as in regardless of the economic system of the country - is decreasing standard of living.

The very simple metric is productivity-adjusted hours worked per person. This invariably falls in cases where overall population is declining, because populations age as they decline, and older people work less (retirement) than younger ones.

As this metric falls, the country’s economy basically just produces less stuff per-person than it did in the past. This makes everyone effectively poorer.

In extreme cases, there can also be issues with availability of services. E.g. healthcare: Each doctor/nurse/caregiver can only effectively attend to so many patients and this number is difficult to increase with technology.